Regulationsby GlyphData residency and cross-border transfer rules
Regulations worldwide that deal with data residency, with every phased deadline and the official source for each.
Regulations
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Egypt PDPLEgypt's data protection law covers personal data processed electronically. It sets consent and lawful processing rules, strict rules for sensitive data and cross-border transfers, and a licensing and permit system run by the Personal Data Protection Center. The Executive Regulations were only issued in November 2025, which starts a one-year window to comply.Next: Nov 2 One-year compliance window ends · in 6 daysPeru PDPL and 2024 RegulationPeru's 2011 data protection law now runs under a new regulation that replaced the 2013 rules. The regulation adds 48-hour breach notification to the authority, data protection officers phased in by company size, data portability, stronger rules for processors and cross-border transfers, and detailed sanctions procedures.Next: Nov 30 DPO required: medium companies · in 34 days
Indonesia PDP LawIndonesia's GDPR-style data protection law: lawful bases, data subject rights, DPIAs for high-risk processing, DPOs, breach notification within 3x24 hours, and cross-border transfer rules. Full compliance was required after a 2-year transition ending 17 October 2024. Government Regulation 33/2026 (enacted 16 July 2026, effective 16 January 2027) adds implementing detail, including parental consent for children and cross-border transfer mechanisms.Next: Jan 16, 2027 Implementing regulation GR 33/2026 takes effect · in 3 months
South Korea PIPAKorea's comprehensive privacy law, with consent-centric processing, breach notification, cross-border transfer rules, automated decision rights (since 2024), and revenue-based penalty surcharges. The 2026 amendment, effective 11 September 2026, raises the maximum fine to 10% of total revenue for aggravated cases, makes the CEO the ultimate responsible person, requires notice when a breach is merely possible, and makes ISMS-P certification mandatory for certain entities from 1 July 2027.Next: Jul 1, 2027 Mandatory ISMS-P certification · in 8 months
Vietnam Cybersecurity Law 2025A single cybersecurity law that replaces both the Law on Network Information Security (2015) and the Cybersecurity Law (2018) from 1 July 2026. It covers cybersecurity protection, the security of information systems by classification level, cybersecurity products and services, and the duties of domestic and foreign organisations. Systems and products approved under the old laws have 12 months to meet the new requirements.Next: Jul 1, 2027 Transition ends for existing systems and products · in 8 monthsArgentina Law 25.326Argentina's habeas data and personal data protection law. It covers consent, data quality, sensitive data, security and confidentiality, international transfers to countries with adequate protection, and access, rectification and deletion rights. Argentina holds EU adequacy status based on this law.No date set
Brazil LGPDBrazil's GDPR-style general data protection law: ten legal bases, data subject rights, DPO (encarregado), incident reporting and international transfer rules. ANPD's Resolution CD/ANPD 19/2024 set the international transfer regime and mandatory standard contractual clauses.In effect since Sep 18, 2020China Cross-Border Data Flow ProvisionsRelaxes China's data export regime by exempting common transfers (contracts with the individual, cross-border HR, emergencies, and non-CII transfers of PI of fewer than 100,000 people a year) and setting volume thresholds for when a CAC security assessment, standard contract or certification is needed. Data is not 'important data' unless regulators have notified or published it as such.In effect since Mar 22, 2024China Cybersecurity LawChina's base cybersecurity statute: multi-level protection scheme duties for network operators, localization and security review duties for critical information infrastructure (CII) operators, and content controls. The 2025 amendment, in force from 1 January 2026, adds AI governance support, ties PI processing to PIPL, allows fines on first violations and sharply raises maximum fines.In effect since Jun 1, 2017China Data Export Security Assessment MeasuresSets the CAC security assessment that must be passed before certain data leaves China, including exports of important data and large-scale personal information exports. Data handlers must run a self-assessment, then apply through the provincial CAC for a national CAC review. Transfers already under way had six months to come into compliance.In effect since Sep 1, 2022China Data Security LawSets up China's data classification and grading system, with heightened protection for 'important data' and 'core data'. Requires data processors to run data security management systems, risk monitoring and incident handling, and restricts giving data stored in China to foreign judicial or law-enforcement bodies without approval.In effect since Sep 1, 2021China Network Data Security RegulationsImplementing regulations under the CSL, DSL and PIPL covering personal information, important data, cross-border data and platform duties. Processors of PI of 10 million+ people must also meet important-data processor duties, such as naming a security lead and filing annual risk assessments. Platforms must offer an easy opt-out from personalized recommendations.In effect since Jan 1, 2025China PI Export Certification MeasuresSets the third route for exporting personal information from China: certification by an accredited certification body. Available to non-CII handlers exporting personal information of 100,000 to under 1 million people (non-sensitive) or under 10,000 people's sensitive data in a year. Certificates last three years; overseas handlers apply through a local entity or representative.In effect since Jan 1, 2026China PI Export Standard Contract MeasuresLets personal information handlers export personal information by signing China's standard contract with the overseas recipient instead of a security assessment, if volume limits are met. Handlers must do a personal information protection impact assessment and file the signed contract with the provincial CAC. Transfers already under way had six months to comply.In effect since Jun 1, 2023China PIPLChina's comprehensive personal information law: requires a legal basis (usually consent) for processing, separate consent for sensitive data and cross-border transfers, PI impact assessments, and data subject rights. Applies extraterritorially to processing of data of people in China to provide products/services or analyze their behavior. Cross-border transfers need a CAC security assessment, standard contract, or certification.In effect since Nov 1, 2021China Small PI Handler Simplified MeasuresEases PIPL compliance for handlers processing personal information of fewer than 100,000 people. They can use short notices, rely on platform privacy rules, run simplified compliance audits at least every five years using a self-check form, and use simplified impact assessments. It also exempts common cross-border transfers from the assessment, contract and certification routes and limits penalties for minor first violations.In effect since Sep 1, 2026
DOJ Bulk Data RuleProhibits U.S. persons from data brokerage and genomic-data transactions with countries of concern or covered persons, and restricts vendor, employment and investment agreements involving bulk U.S. sensitive personal data or government-related data unless CISA security requirements are met. Restricted transactions require a data compliance program, due diligence, audits, recordkeeping and reporting.In effect since Apr 8, 2025EU-US Data Privacy FrameworkGDPR Art 45 adequacy decision letting personal data flow from the EEA to US organisations self-certified under the Data Privacy Framework with the US Department of Commerce, with no further transfer mechanism needed. It relies on US Executive Order 14086 safeguards and the Data Protection Review Court for redress. The EU General Court upheld it in Latombe v Commission (T-553/23) on 3 Sep 2025, and an appeal is pending before the Court of Justice.In effect since Jul 10, 2023
India CERT-In Cyber Security DirectionsRequires service providers, intermediaries, data centres, body corporates and government bodies to report listed cyber incidents to CERT-In within 6 hours of noticing them. Entities must sync clocks to Indian NTP servers, keep ICT logs for a rolling 180 days within India, and name a point of contact. Data centre, VPS, cloud and VPN providers must keep validated subscriber details for 5 years.In effect since Jun 27, 2022
Kenya Data Protection ActKenya's GDPR-inspired data protection law establishing the ODPC, mandatory registration of data controllers and processors, data subject rights, 72-hour breach notification to the Commissioner, DPIAs, and conditions on cross-border transfers (with some data localisation for strategic public interest processing).In effect since Nov 25, 2019
Malaysia PDPAMalaysia's commercial-sector data protection law. The 2024 amendments, phased in during 2025, rename 'data users' as 'data controllers', add biometric data to sensitive data, apply the Security Principle directly to processors, replace the transfer whitelist with adequacy and safeguards tests, raise fines, and add mandatory DPOs, data breach notification and data portability.In effect since Nov 15, 2013
Nigeria NDPANigeria's primary data protection statute, establishing the NDPC, lawful bases, data subject rights, 72-hour breach notification, and special duties for data controllers and processors of major importance (registration, DPO, compliance audits). The GAID 2025 supersedes the NDPR 2019 and its Implementation Framework with detailed rules on audits, DPIAs, transfers and more.In effect since Jun 12, 2023PADFAMakes it unlawful for a data broker to sell, license, transfer, disclose or otherwise make available personally identifiable sensitive data of U.S. individuals to a foreign adversary country (China, Iran, North Korea, Russia) or to an entity controlled by one. Covered data is broad, including health, financial, biometric, genetic, precise geolocation, private communications and data about minors.In effect since Jun 23, 2024Rwanda DPP LawRwanda's data protection law, modelled on the GDPR. Controllers and processors must register with the supervisory authority, report breaches within 72 hours, and store personal data in Rwanda unless they hold a certificate allowing storage abroad. Cross-border transfers need authorisation or another listed ground.In effect since Oct 15, 2021
Saudi PDPLSaudi Arabia's comprehensive data protection law with implementing regulations and separate transfer regulations: legal bases, data subject rights, breach notification to SDAIA within 72 hours, DPO and registration requirements, and restrictions on transfers outside the Kingdom.In effect since Sep 14, 2023Thailand PDPAThailand's GDPR-style data protection law: lawful bases including explicit consent for sensitive data, data subject rights, DPOs for large-scale or sensitive processing, breach notification to the PDPC within 72 hours, and cross-border transfer restrictions. Main obligations applied from 1 June 2022 after two postponements.In effect since Jun 1, 2022
Turkey KVKKTurkey's general data protection law. The 2024 amendments reworked sensitive-data processing and replaced the consent-first cross-border transfer rule with a GDPR-style tiered regime (adequacy, appropriate safeguards such as standard contracts that must be notified to the Authority within 5 business days, then limited derogations).In effect since Apr 7, 2016
UAE PDPLFederal GDPR-style data protection law for the onshore UAE covering consent and other bases, data subject rights, breach notification, DPOs and cross-border transfers. Key details (including fines and some thresholds) depend on Executive Regulations that have not been issued.In effect since Jan 2, 2022Uruguay Law 18.331Uruguay's data protection law, which treats data protection as a human right and covers consent, purpose limits, security, sensitive data, data subject rights and international transfers. Law 19.670 of 2018 added accountability duties, regulated by Decree 64/020. Uruguay holds EU adequacy status.In effect since Aug 18, 2008Vietnam Law on DataVietnam's framework law for digital data. It classifies data as core, important or other, with lists of core and important data set by the Prime Minister, and requires cross-border transfer and processing of core and important data to protect national defence, security and the public interest. It also sets up the National Data Center and national database, and governs data products, data services and data exchanges.In effect since Jul 1, 2025Vietnam PDPLVietnam's first statute on personal data protection, replacing Decree 13/2023. It covers consent, data subject rights, processing and transfer impact assessments filed with the regulator, cross-border transfers, breach reporting, and bans on buying and selling personal data. Decree 356/2025 took effect alongside it and details DPIA/TIA and DPO requirements.In effect since Jan 1, 2026
Upcoming deadlines
Egypt PDPLOne-year compliance window endsArticle 6 of the issuing law gives those covered one year from the issue of the Executive Regulations to comply. The decree's signing date was not shown, so this date is counted from publication and is an estimate.EgyptPeru PDPL and 2024 RegulationDPO required: medium companiesCompanies with annual sales above 1,700 UIT up to 2,300 UIT.PeruIndonesia PDP LawImplementing regulation GR 33/2026 takes effectDetailed PDP implementing rules (DPIA, cross-border, children's consent) apply, 6 months after the 16 Jul 2026 enactment.IndonesiaSouth Korea PIPAMandatory ISMS-P certificationISMS-P certification becomes mandatory for private entities meeting the statutory criteria.South KoreaVietnam Cybersecurity Law 2025Transition ends for existing systems and productsInformation systems classified under the 2015 law, and security products already in use, must meet the new law's conditions within 12 months of its effective date.VietnamPeru PDPL and 2024 RegulationDPO required: small companiesCompanies with annual sales above 150 UIT up to 1,700 UIT.PeruPeru PDPL and 2024 RegulationDPO required: micro companiesMicro companies with annual sales up to 150 UIT.Peru